Quandary of Enterococci - their beneficial and detrimental roles in food, environment and medicine
Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance, enterococci, food safety, infections, lactic acid bacteria, probioticAbstract
Enterococci are lactic acid bacteria that are widespread in nature; they were initially grouped with the genus Streptococcus. Enterococcus species are Grampositive cocci bacteria that have their applications in food, environment and health care. The presence of Enterococcus faecalis, in water for instance indicates faecal contamination and possible presence of pathogenic organisms. Oral application of probiotic enterococci confers health advantages while antihypertensive effect and amelioration of influenza infection by E. faecalis upon oral administration are beneficial to health. Improvement of intestinal ecosystem disturbed by antibiotic usage has been recorded. However, enterococci have ability to easily possess, amass and distribute genes that code for antibiotic resistance and pathogenic factors. They equally possess virulence factors among which are ability to hydrolyse gelatin, casein, haemoglobin and other bioactive peptides. They also cause agglutination and lyses of erythrocytes. The formation of biofilm on both biotic and abiotic surfaces is a universal survival strategy of enterococci. These organisms also induce the localization of cholesterol to phagosomes and also delay fusion upon infection. These negative attributes enable the organisms to acquire the potential to cause and inflict measurable harms in human. Furthermore, enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics and possess ability to acquire and disseminate antibiotic resistance. They are of particular medical relevance because of their implication in both community- and hospital-acquired infections which could be transmitted through many sources. Therefore, man is still in a dilemma over the use of enterococci in food and other related industries owing to their ever increasing medical implications.
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